Exploring the ABDCE Structure: Beyond the Beginning, Middle, and End

Writing, when we talk about literature, is an art. However, like any art, it demands much more than mere talent, inspiration, or discipline. If we compare it to painting, music, acting, singing, or any other fine art, we’ll see that each requires the artist to master specific techniques.

In this article, I will present a general narrative structure that, although not as well-known as the traditional Beginning-Middle-End, is widely used not only in literature but also in film and television: the ABDCE structure (its English acronym stands for Action, Background, Development, Climax, Ending). While both approaches have their merits, each is designed to satisfy different creative and stylistic needs.

This model is a safe bet for many writers and the quintessential traditional structure taught in schools. It begins by introducing the characters and the setting (Beginning), then introduces a conflict that sets everything in motion (Middle), and finally resolves that conflict (End). The simplicity of this structure makes it ideal for linear, easy-to-follow stories.

For example, a mystery novel might start with the discovery of a crime, continue with the investigation, and culminate in the revelation of the culprit. This logical progression helps keep the reader engaged and satisfied.

A notable example of the Beginning-Middle-End structure can be found in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. The novel begins (Beginning) with the introduction of the young Dorian Gray and his encounter with the painter Basil Hallward, who creates an impressive portrait of him. The middle unfolds when Dorian, influenced by Lord Henry, wishes to remain eternally young while his portrait ages in his place. As Dorian plunges into a life of hedonism and immoral acts, his portrait mirrors his internal and physical decay. Finally, the story concludes (End) with Dorian facing the consequences of his desire—attempting, in a desperate act, to destroy the portrait, only to meet his own demise. The portrait, in turn, regains its original beauty as Dorian lies aged and disfigured.

On the other hand, the ABDCE structure kicks off with full-on action (Action), immediately capturing the reader’s attention. It then provides the necessary context to understand the story (Background), follows with the development of characters and events (Development), leads the reader to an emotional climax (Climax), and concludes with an impactful ending (Ending).

A notable example of the ABDCE structure is found in Gabriel García Márquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude. The work begins in full action (Action), with Colonel Aureliano Buendía recalling the moment his father discovered ice. It then steps back to present the context (Background) of the Buendía family and the town of Macondo, describing their origins and surrounding circumstances. The story’s development (Development) unfolds across generations, showcasing the family’s struggles, romances, and tragedies. The climax (Climax) is reached when the Buendía family saga and Macondo’s destiny converge in a whirlwind of events that lead to the town’s destruction. Finally, the novel concludes (Ending) with a powerful finale that reveals the Buendía family’s predestined fate and the inevitable end of Macondo, leaving an indelible impression on the reader.

It all depends on what you want to achieve with your story. If you’re seeking clarity and a traditional narrative flow, the Beginning-Middle-End structure is your best ally. If you prefer a more dynamic, non-linear approach, ABDCE might be the answer. Experimenting with both structures can open up new creative possibilities and help you discover your unique voice as a writer.